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XHTML


XHTML is a combination of HTML and XML (EXtensible Markup Language).

XHTML consists of all the elements in HTML 4.01 combined with the syntax of XML.

What Is XHTML?

  • XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language
  • XHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01
  • XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML
  • XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application
  • XHTML is a W3C Recommendation

Differences Between XHTML And HTML

  • XHTML elements must be properly nested
  • XHTML elements must always be closed
  • XHTML elements must be in lowercase
  • XHTML documents must have one root element
  • Attribute names must be in lower case
  • Attribute values must be quoted
  • Attribute minimization is forbidden
  • The id attribute replaces the name attribute
  • The XHTML DTD defines mandatory elements
  • To make your XHTML compatible with today’s browsers, you should add an extra space before the “/” symbol.
  • The lang attribute applies to almost every XHTML element. It specifies the language of the content within an element. If you use the lang attribute in an element, you must add the xml:lang attribute, like this:<div lang=”no” xml:lang=”no”>Heia Norge!</div>
  • All XHTML documents must have a DOCTYPE declaration. The html, head and body elements must be present, and the title must be present inside the head elemen

An XHTML document consists of three main parts:

  • the DOCTYPE declaration
  • the <head> section
  • the <body> section

DOCTYPE (It Is Mandatory)

A DOCTYPE is a commitment to follow the rules of a given markup language. Essentially, you are saying to a machine: “Anything that I send you will conform to the markup rules of the named DTD. So process what I send you according to those rules”. For this reason, if markup that you supply does not conform to the specified rules, Web browsers or other devices may not process your markup as expected.

There are three XHTML DTDs:

  • STRICT

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

Use the strict DOCTYPE when you want really clean markup, free of presentational clutter. Use together with CSS.

  • TRANSITIONAL

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”>

Use the transitional DOCTYPE when you want to still use HTML’s presentational features.

  • FRAMESET
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd”>

Use the frameset DOCTYPE when you want to use HTML Frames to split the web page into two or more frames.


Note: The DOCTYPE declaration is not a part of the XHTML document itself. It is not an XHTML element, and it should not have a closing tag.
XHTML 1.1 DOCTYPE should only be used when Web pages are served as XML:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">

The following elements are deprecated in favor of style sheets. They are not used in Strict DOCTYPE by may use in Transitional and Frameset DOCTYPE :

  • BASEFONT – Base font change
  • CENTER – Centered block
  • FONT – Font change
  • S – Strike-through text
  • STRIKE – Strike-through text
  • U – Underlined text

The following elements are also deprecated:

  • APPLET – Java applet (deprecated in favor of OBJECT)
  • DIR – Directory list (deprecated in favor of UL)
  • ISINDEX – Input prompt (deprecated in favor of INPUT)
  • MENU – Menu list (deprecated in favor of UL)

XHTML tag reference
Tag Name Description Attributes Contains
Basic Advanced Core Intern Event* Style
Declarations
XML Declaration When XHTML is served as XML
DOCTYPE Declaration Within the HTML/XHTML family of markup languages,
Structure & Header Elements
base An absolute URL to resolve relative URLs href nothing
body Holds content of the document onload

onunload

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style Block elements
head Holds additional information about the document profile xml:lang

dir

 title

base

link

meta

script

style

object
html Root element of the document xmlns version xml:lang

dir

 head

body
link Link to another resource href

media

type

 charset

hreflang

rel

rev

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style nothing
meta Additional information about the document content name http-equiv

scheme

 xml:lang

dir

 nothing
script Client-side script src

type

 charset

defer

xml:space

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style text
style CSS style information media

title

type

 xml:space xml:lang

dir

 text
title Document title xml:lang

dir

 text
Block Elements
address Identify contact information for a document class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
blockquote Long quotation cite class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements
del Deleted content cite

datetime

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

text
div Generic way to group areas of content class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

text
dl Definition list class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style dt

dd
fieldset Form control group class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

legend

text
form Data entry form action

method

 accept

accept-charsets

enctype

onreset

onsubmit

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements (except form)

fieldset
h1 Level 1 heading class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
h2 Level 2 heading class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
h3 Level 3 heading class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
h4 Level 4 heading class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
h5 Level 5 heading class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
h6 Level 6 heading class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
hr Content separator class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style nothing
ins Inserted content cite

datetime

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

text
noscript Alternate content for client-side script class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements
ol Ordered list class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style li
p Paragraph class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
pre
Preformatted text
 xml:space class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

(except img, object, big, small, sub, and sup)

text
script Client-side script src

type

 charset

defer

xml:space

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style text
table Table border

cellpadding

cellspacing

summary

width

 frame

–void

–above

–below

–hsides

–vsides

–lhs

–rhs

–box

–border

rules

–none

–group

–rows

–cols

–all

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style caption

col

colgroup

thead

tfoot

tbody

tr
ul Unordered list class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style li
Inline Elements
a A hyperlink href accesskey

charset

coords

hreflang

onblur

onfocus

rel

rev

shape

tabindex

type

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

(except a)

text
abbr An abbreviation class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
acronym An acronym class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
b Instruction to render text in bold style class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
bdo Bidirectional text override dir class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
big Instruction to render text in a large font class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
button Form button control name

type

–submit

–reset

–button

value

 accesskey

disabled

onblur

onfocus

tabindex

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements (except form and fieldset)

inline-elements

(except button, input, label, select, and textarea)

text
cite Citation or reference to other source class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
code Computer code class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline-elements

text
del Deleted content cite

datetime

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

text
dfn Contains the defining instance of the enclosed term class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
em Indicates emphasis class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
i Instruction to render text in italic style class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
img Image alt

height

src

weight

 simap

longdesc

usemap

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style nothing
ins Inserted content cite

datetime

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

text
input Form control alt

checked

maxlength

name

size

type

–text

–password

–checkbox

–radio

–submit

–image

–reset

–button

–hidden

–file

value

 accept

accesskey

disabled

ismap

onblur

onchange

onfocus

onselect

readonly

src

tabindex

usemap

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style nothing
label Form control label for accesskey

onblur

onfocus

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements (except label)

text
map Client-side image map class

id (req)

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

area
kbd Indicates input to be entered by the user class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
object Generic embedded object classid

codebase

height

name

type

width

 archive

codetype

data

declare

standby

tabindex

usemap

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements (not rec)

inline elements

param

text
q Short quotation cite class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
samp Designates sample output from programs, scripts, etc. class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
script Client-side script src

type

 charset

defer

xml:space

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style text
select Option selector form control multiple

name

type

 disabled

onblur

onchange

onfocus

tabindex

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style optiongroup

option
small Instruction to render text in a small font class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
span Generic way to add structure to content class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
strong Indicates stronger emphasis class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
sub Subscript class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
sup superscript class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
textarea Multi-line text field form control cols

name

rows

 accesskey

disabled

onblur

onchange

onfocus

onselect

readonly

tabindex

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style text
tt
Teletype or monospaced text style (not rec)
 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
var Indicates instance of a computer code variable or program argument class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
List Item Elements
dd Definition description class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

text
dt Definition term class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
li Ordered/unordered list item class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

text
Table Content Elements
caption Table caption class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
col Define attributes for a table column align

–left

–center

–right

–justify

–char

span

valign

–top

–middle

–bottom

–baseline

width

 char

charoff

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style nothing
colgroup Define attributes for a group of table columns align

–left

–center

–right

–justify

–char

span

valign

–top

–middle

–bottom

–baseline

width

 char

charoff

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style col
tbody Body area for a table align

–left

–center

–right

–justify

–char

valign

–top

–middle

–bottom

–baseline

 char

charoff

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style tr
td Table cell containing data align

–left

–center

–right

–justify

–char

colspan

headers

rowspan

valign

–top

–middle

–bottom

–baseline

 axis

char

charoff

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

text
tfoot Footer area for a table align

–left

–center

–right

–justify

–char

valign

–top

–middle

–bottom

–baseline

 char

charoff

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style tr
th Table cell containing header abbr

align

–left

–center

–right

–justify

–char

colspan

rowspan

valign

–top

–middle

–bottom

–baseline

 axis

char

charoff

scope

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style block elements

inline elements

text
thead Heading area for a table align

–left

–center

–right

–justify

–char

valign

–top

–middle

–bottom

–baseline

 char

charoff

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style tr
tr Table row align

–left

–center

–right

–justify

–char

valign

–top

–middle

–bottom

–baseline

 char

charoff

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style td

th
Form Fieldset Legends
legend Caption to a fieldset accesskey class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style inline elements

text
Form Menu Options
optgroup A grouping of selectable choices in an option selector form control label disabled class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style option
option A selectable choice in an option selector form control selected

value

 disabled

label

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style text
Map Areas
area Client-side image map area alt

coords

–rect

–circle

–poly

href

shape

–default

–rect

–circle

–poly

 accesskey

onblur

onfocus

nohref

tabindex

 class

id

title

 xml:lang

dir

 1-10 style nothing
Object Parameters
param Embedded object customization properties name

value

 id

type

valuetype

–data

–ref

–object

 noting
*EVENTS:

  1. onclick
  2. ondblclick
  3. onmousedown
  4. onmouseup
  5. onmouseover
  6. onmousemove
  7. onmouseout
  8. onkeypress
  9. onkeydown
  10. onkeyup

This summary is written in reference of

http://xhtml.com/en/xhtml/reference
http://www.w3schools.com/Xhtml/default
—– Jhalak

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XHTML: You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <pre> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong>